APP and Alzheimer disease: Different studies have researched AD pathology induced due to Cu toxicity using different mouse models, such as the PS1/APP transgenic mice model that showed senile plaque-like deposition of Aβ after 6 weeks of exposure to the Cu dose [116]; the Kunming strain mice that displayed increased oxidative stress, neuronal apoptosis, increased APP mRNA levels, and cognitive deficits after 8 weeks of Cu exposure [117]; and the Wistar rat, who, after 2 months of Cu exposure, displayed an increased Aβ (1/42)/(1/40) ratio in cortex and hippocampus, increased nitrate level in brain [111,118,119].