SPP1 and neoplasm: The results showed that, in LUAD tumor samples, CDH2, SPP1, TF, and TNC were significantly upregulated and CYR61 and IL6 were observed to be significantly downregulated compared to their respective controls, while, for FBN1, FN1, APOE, and SERPINA1, no statistically significant difference was observed between both comparison groups (Figure 10A).