Patients suffering from airway-related diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who died after infection with COVID-19 had elevated levels of macrophage chemotactic protein (CCL25) and other SASP proteins in plasma, as well as other SASP markers, such as IL6 and TGF-B, elevated in the lung tissue [90]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.