Noteworthy IBD-related genes in the duodenum and/or jejunum that were affected by the HFDs include Duox2 (dual oxidase 2), a member of the NADPH oxidase family which was downregulated by the HFDs, and Ephx2 (epoxide hydrolase 2), which converts fatty acid epoxides to bioactive dihydrodiols, was upregulated by the HFDs (Fig. 4D). This evidence concerns the gene FMO5 and inflammatory bowel disease.