VEGFA and brain neoplasm: Brain tumor-associated TAMs are pro-tumorigenic in a number of ways, such as upregulation of endothelial cell secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and interleukin 10 (IL-10), secretion of arginase (to starve T-cells), secretion of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to promote tumor migration, secretion of pro-tumor chemokines and cytokines, secretion of prostaglandins (to inhibit activation of T-cells), and direct antigen presentation functions (30–33).