PTX3 is made at sites of infection and inflammation by several immune and non-immune cell types upon stimulation with inflammatory cytokines (i.e., interleukin-1β, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α), microbial moieties (i.e., lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and intact microorganisms (i.e., A. fumigatus) (27). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.