ERN1 and infection: Moreover, in vivo RNA-immunoprecipitation assays and in vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) also demonstrated binding of P1SCSMV to the splicing region of NbbZIP60U through its NLS peptide, and inhibited IRE1-associated UPR signaling pathways, to results in cell-death in PVX-P1SCSMV infection.