CSF2 and neoplasm: Interestingly, all arms in which GM-CSF was administered (including RFA-lip-GM-CSF, lip-GM-CSF alone, and fr-GM-CSF alone) had increased Th1 cells in untreated index tumor at 3d compared to all non-GM-CSF arms (RFA alone, RFA-BL, and sham) (p<0.05).