However, individuals carrying two such alleles (i.e., G1/G1, G1/G2, or G2/G2) have a marked increase in the risk of chronic renal disease; for example, among African-Americans, individuals carrying two APOL1 risk alleles are 7.3 times more likely to develop hypertension-associated end-stage renal disease (ESRD) compared to those without two risk alleles (Genovese et al., 2010). Here, APOL1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.