Altogether, in patients with cirrhosis complicated by sarcopenia, microbiome-based interventions counteract the activation of the IL-6/AMPK/FoxO3 axis due to IL-6 upregulation on the one hand, and reduce the disruption of intestinal barrier function and intestinal bacterial translocation caused by cirrhosis on the other hand, thereby reducing bacterial endotoxin levels and alleviating systemic inflammatory response. Here, FOXO3 is linked to sarcopenia.