Although it is believed that mPGES-1 may have inflammatory effects (120) and deletion of mPGES-1 in the vasculature can be a potential novel target for development of anti-inflammatory drugs (112), the role of mPGES-1 in vascular remodelling in smokers and all forms of PH (including COPD-associated PH) is largely unknown. This evidence concerns the gene PTGES and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.