In addition to the primary variables found to be significant predictors of DR, we also conducted an analysis incorporating lipid metabolism (lipid profiles), diabetic medication usage including oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) and insulin, as well as the coexistence of micro/macrovascular complications (neuropathy, nephropathy, hypertension, and a history of coronary artery disease (CAD)). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is kidney disorder.