In addition to TSC, dysregulated mTORC1 signaling is also observed in other syndromic ASDs such as Cowden syndrome/PTEN hamartoma syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, RASopathies including NF1, Angelman syndrome and Rett syndrome, as well as idiopathic ASD [72, 73], raising the possibility that cap-dependent translation downstream of mTORC1 could play an essential role in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, NF1 is linked to fragile X syndrome.