CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) can improve survival outcomes in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and have become the standard treatment [2, 3]; however, their efficacy varies widely among patients, with some exhibiting primary or acquired resistance to ICIs and having poor prognoses [4–6].