CCL2 and congenital rubella syndrome: CRS presents as a clinical syndrome of fevers, hypotension, hypoxia, and neurologic changes and is caused by the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) [1, 85].