TNF and immune system toxicity: The mechanism for the cytotoxicity of ATZ in fish hepatocytes as proposed by Gao and colleagues involves the binding of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) to TNF receptor 1 (TNFR 1) resulting in the upregulated expressions of the markers of apoptosis and necrosis: TRADD, FADD, Caspase-3, p53, RIP1, RIP3 and MLKL, whereas tannic acid abrogated the-induced apoptosis, necrosis and immunotoxicity through a ROS-responsive TNF-α/TNFR 1 pathway (Gao et al., 2022).