CSF2 and lung carcinoma: To understand the basis of the action of APS, the authors used APS in combination with GM-CSF and IL-4 to induce the differentiation of isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) into DCs in lung cancer patients and found that the GM-CSF+IL-4 combined with APS group induced more CD80+ (16%), CD103+ (15%) and CD86+ (13%) cells production compared to the GM-CSF+IL-4 group alone.