Crosstalk between cancer cells and TAMs in the TME can also activate NRF2 in TAMs to reshape the tumor immune microenvironment via multiple mechanisms including suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increasing expression of PD-L1, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and KYNU, and accelerating catabolism of cytotoxic-labile heme (185). Here, NFE2L2 is linked to cancer.