AFMID and hepatocellular carcinoma: Specifically, the switch of AFMID isoforms was found to be an early event in HCC development and was associated with driver mutations in TP53 and AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A (ARIDIA). Authors further found that overexpression of the full-length AFMID isoform leads to higher NAD+ levels, lower DNA-damage response, and slower cell growth in HepG2 cells (73).