,8 Recent study has also revealed higher levels of O-αS and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the CSF of both symptomatic and asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers,9 indicating that there might be a close interaction between LRRK2 dysfunction and O-αS toxicity in the neuroinflammation associated with PD. The gene discussed is LRRK2; the disease is Parkinson disease.