TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Additionally, despite the availability of some real-world data regarding the effectiveness and safety of ustekinumab and vedolizumab in patients with IBD after failure of or intolerance to anti-TNF therapy (Barbieri et al., 2022; Onali et al., 2022; Rayer et al., 2022), limited evidence exists with respect to real-life data in IBD from Kuwait specifically and the middle east region generally.