Notably, both ISG15 and IL10 play a crucial role in the innate immune response to viral or microbial infections (Penaloza et al., 2015; Swaim et al., 2019), and the ISG15/IL-10 axis has been shown to exert an anti-inflammatory effect in bacterial infections as well (Dos Santos et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene ISG15 and bacterial infectious disease.