LEP and Insulin resistance: While various adipokines, including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, leptin, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), have been implicated in the inflammatory processes associated with adipose angiogenesis and insulin resistance, our current investigation focused on TNF-α, VEGF, and MMPs on adipose angiogenesis.