VEGFA and retinal disorder: The diagnosis of retinopathy is made on the basis of impaired retinal neuronal function, apoptosis of neuronal cells, especially amacrine cells, retinal ganglion cells, and photoreceptors, the thinning of the nerve fiber layer, pericyte loss, the breakdown of the blood–retinal barrier (BRB), the activation of Müller cells or reactive gliosis, and the overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and proinflammatory cytokines [269, 270].