ATG5 and melanoma: It suppresses transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling and inhibits the proliferation and migration of PC3 prostate cancer cells.[12] NRF1 also regulates the expression of autophagy related 5 (ATG5) and autophagy related 7 (ATG7) and inhibits the migration of melanoma cells.[13] Thus, NRF1 is not only a mitochondrial biogenesis stimulator but also a transcription factor that is involved in multiple cellular activities.