TFE3 and breast cancer: For instance, in breast cancer, NRF1 was reported to promote spheroid survival and mesenchymal transition.[7] NRF1 also activates C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) transcription and is responsive to estrogen in breast cancer.[8, 9] Moreover, bioinformatic analysis implicated that NRF1 is highly active in glioblastoma and NRF1 promotes the proliferation of renal cancer cells by directly regulating transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3 (TFE3).[10, 11] In contrast to these findings, NRF1 was also reported to act as a tumor suppressor.