NRF1 and neoplasm: By performing gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) with transcription factor targets gene sets, we found NRF1_Q6 gene set (all the genes whose promoter region contains NRF1 binding motif) was significantly enriched in tumor group compared with normal tissue group (Fig. 1A), which demonstrated that the majority of NRF1 target genes were significantly overexpressed in HCC tumor tissue, indicating NRF1 was functionally hyperactive in tumor tissue compared with normal hepatic tissue.