ATG5 and prostate carcinoma: NRF1 suppresses TGF-β signaling and inhibits the proliferation and migration of PC3 prostate cancer cells.[12] Besides, NRF1 regulates the expression of autophagy related 5 (ATG5) and autophagy related 7 (ATG7) and inhibits the migration of melanoma cells.[13] Therefore, the function of NRF1 is complex and may play different roles in tumor progression depending on specific tumor types.