Furthermore, in another study, intravenous infusion of T-MSCs was found to attenuate dextrose sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice by elevating the level of circulating IGF-1 through the IGF1R-PI3K-AKT pathway, thereby preserving the integrity of the colonic epithelial cells and facilitating their restoration and rejuvenation [45]. Here, IGF1R is linked to colitis.