PDCD1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: To further verify that the excellent anticancer capacity of the treatment of DOX@3D-MPs+anti-PD-1 was regulated by antitumor immunity, tumor cells isolated from fresh hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patient-derived tumor tissues were labeled with DiO and then treated with DOX@3D-MPs, followed by co-culture with monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) from a healthy people’s peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (Fig. 8a).