At baseline, plasma levels of Aβ42 were significantly lower in participants with preclinical AD (P = 1.88 × 10−5, PBON = 1.13 × 10−4; Fig. 3a), whereas plasma levels of p-tau181 and NfL were significantly higher in participants with preclinical AD than in controls in cohort 1(p-tau181: P = 3.38 × 10−5, PBON = 2.03 × 10−4; NfL: P = 7.09 × 10−6, PBON = 4.25 × 10−5; Fig. 3e, f). The gene discussed is NEFL; the disease is Alzheimer disease.