CSF1R and cancer: Downregulation of CSF-1R expression,using small interfering RNA (siRNA) or inhibitors/monoclonal antibodies,has proven to reprogram M2 macrophages to the M1 phenotype.13,14 A number of clinical trials including clinic trail Nos.: NCT02323191(completed, applied anti-CSF-1R, and anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodieson solid tumors), NCT02718911 (completed, applied CSF-1R monoclonalantibody on solid tumors), and NCT01346358 (completed, applied CSF-1Rmonoclonal antibody on solid tumors)] have investigated this approachfor cancer therapy.15−17