TNF and neoplasm: TAMs can be classified into two major subtypes: proinflammatory M1 macrophages—which exhibit antitumor activity by secreting interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) [124]—and immunosuppressive M2 macrophages, promoting tumor growth via the secretion of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) (Fig. 2) [125, 126].