TNF and Parkinson disease: In addition, whereas TNF-α and IL-6 expression in TG neurons was significantly increased by Aa EVs at 24 h in PD mice compared to the sham group, dramatically lowered signals were found in both the MyD88-/- control and PD groups in response to Aa EVs, compared with the significant increase of the cytokines by Aa EV after PD induction in WT mice (S6 Fig).