In addition, whereas TNF-α and IL-6 expression in TG neurons was significantly increased by Aa EVs at 24 h in PD mice compared to the sham group, dramatically lowered signals were found in both the MyD88-/- control and PD groups in response to Aa EVs, compared with the significant increase of the cytokines by Aa EV after PD induction in WT mice (S6 Fig). Here, MYD88 is linked to Parkinson disease.