VEGFC and cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia: Inamine et al. (2012) found that smoking induces high plasma expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) in patients with CIN and that VEGF-C plays a major role in cervical lesions in smoking patients. However, it has also been shown (Hui-Qiong et al., 2016) that there is no statistically dramatic difference in the comparison of postoperative recurrence between smoking and non-smoking patients.