TNF and Alzheimer disease: Statistical testing showed continuous increase in the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β by 22.4% (average of various visits) and TNF-α by 17.8% (average of various visits) in patients with DAOSD as compared with patients with AD without DAOSD over the 3 time points (baseline, visit 1, and visit 4; Fig 11).