TLR4 and Sepsis: During a 6 h incubation, P3C (TLR2 ligand), bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Re595 (LPS, TLR4 ligand), and R848 (TLR7/8 ligand) evoked positively dose-dependent supernatant concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and Interleukin (IL-) 6, reaching supernatant cytokine concentrations far higher than those observed in human sepsis (Figures 1, S2).