TNF and endothelial dysfunction: In PLWH, the occurrence of endothelial dysfunction has been associated with increased expression of adhesion molecules, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), endothelial adhesion molecule (E-selectin), and inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-6) [6].