In parallel with TNF-α secretion levels in PC3-M and C4–2B-M cells (Fig. 1C and D), we found that mRNA levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), interleukin 6 (IL6), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), CXCL8/IL8, and C–C motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), as well as TNF-α (TNF) were all significantly induced in M. hyorhinis infected PCa cells compared to the parental cell lines (Fig. 4A–F). Here, CXCL1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.