The pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α was detected in the supernatants collected from mycoplasma-contaminated PCa cells (PC3-cM and C4–2B-cM) and mycoplasma-free cells; multiple human cancer cells (PC3, C4–2B, DU145, LNCaP, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, HeLa, MG-63), a non-tumorigenic epithelial cells (MCF10A), human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC), human primary fibroblasts (HF), and human primary dental pulp cells (DPC) (Fig. 1A). Here, TNF is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.