TNF and cardiac hypertrophy: Intragastric administration of betaine to rats modelingpulmonary hypertension resulted in a decrease in rightventricular and pulmonary artery blood pressure, in a decreasein the degree of ventricular hypertrophy and in remodeling ofthe arterial wall, presumably due to anti-inflammatory action –betaine also reduced the levels of MCP-1, ET-1, NF-κB,TNF-α, IL-1β (Yang J.M. et al., 2018).