ESR1 and cancer: We found that several mutated genes fall into biological processes related to (i) cell proliferation; (ii) p53 and apoptosis; (iii) stress responses as hypoxia and DNA damage; (iv) signaling pathways associated with KRAS, MTOR, TNFA, and estrogen receptor; (v) metabolic functions; and (vi) inflammation, consistently with the biological alterations and features typically observed in cancer (64).