In the state of diabetes, extracellular advanced-glycation end products mediate strong pro-inflammatory effects by binding to and activating their receptor, as well as Toll-like receptor 4 on the professional antigen-presenting cells (including monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages) (41) expressing major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecule (42, 43). The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is diabetes mellitus.