PRL and breast carcinoma: High prolactin levels inhibit estrogen production [23], which can lead to adverse sexual, somatic, and mental health effects such as menstrual cycle irregularities, sexual dysfunction, osteoporosis, menopausal complaints, depressed mood, and increased risks for cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer [32–35], For example, 48% of women receiving antipsychotic treatment report menstrual irregularities [36], and 32% of women treated with prolactin-raising antipsychotics for > 10 years have reduced bone mineral density [37].