MSH2 and colorectal carcinoma: In a different study, analyzing families from Australia, New Zealand, North America and Europe, the variation in penetrance for CRC was estimated between carriers of pathogenic variants in the same gene by sex and geographic location; the variation was greater for carriers of variants in MLH1 and MSH2, with 7–56% of carriers having a penetrance for CRC of less than 20%, 9–44% having a penetrance greater than 80%, and only 10–19% having a penetrance of 40–60%.