HMGB1 and tauopathy: In the current study, we also observe that APOE4 promotes HMGB1 translocation in astrocytes, but not in microglia, in APOE4-tauopathy mice, which complements a previous study showing that HMGB1 is released from astrocytes in the presence of Tau oligomers.47 However, comparing the ratio of extranuclear:nuclear HMGB1 signal in neurons versus astrocytes shows that APOE4 has a much stronger effect of triggering HMGB1 translocation in neurons than in astrocytes.