Focusing only on the first episode of infection in the Gambian Cohort study, inflammatory CXC cytokines were raised four weeks after infection (p = 0.0095, 7.2 x 10−5 and 0.0062 for CXCL1, IL-8 and IP-10 respectively, using a paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare the normalised concentration four weeks post-infection relative to time of infection; Fig 4). This evidence concerns the gene CXCL1 and infection.