The TLE mouse model was associated with 13 VOCs, among which methanethiol, disulfide, dimethyl, and 2-butanone were strongly predictive biomarkers [28]; while older (age 20 − 35 weeks) St3gal4-deficient mice with anxiety-depression were associated with 12 VOCs, among which trimethylamine, 3-penten-2-one, benzaldehyde, beta-farnesene, and texanol isomer were predictive biomarkers [29]. Here, ST3GAL4 is linked to depressive symptom measurement.