NPPB and atrial fibrillation: In fact, recent clinical trials enrolling patients with HFpEF (i.e., EMPEROR-Preserved [NT-proBNP: sinus rhythm: > 300 pg/mL; atrial fibrillation; > 900 pg/mL], DELIVER [NT-proBNP: sinus rhythm: ≥ 300 pg/mL; atrial fibrillation; ≥ 600 pg/mL], and PARAGON-HF [NT-proBNP: sinus rhythm: > 300 pg/mL; atrial fibrillation; > 900 pg/mL]) have defined higher cut-off levels of NT-proBNP as inclusion criteria (Table 3) [4, 5, 23].