CCL2 and autoimmune glomerulonephritis: In addition, MCP-1 promotes renal macrophage infiltration, which may also be related to the activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway by IL-22.[56] A prospective cohort study which included 100 patients with autoimmune glomerulonephritis showed that higher levels of MCP-1, sC5b-9, and TGF-β1 predicted the activity and adverse outcomes of the disease.[58] The MCP-1/CCR2 axis plays a major role in immune cell recruitment in autoimmune nephropathy, and exhibits a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune nephropathy.