TNF and endothelial dysfunction: Both sarcopenia and myosteatosis have been shown to predispose both oncological and nononcological patients to adverse outcomes, increased morbidity, mortality, and reduced quality of life.14-20 Visceral obesity may be associated with the clinical phenotype of metabolic syndrome, with type 2 diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia, micro-albuminuria, endothelial dysfunction, and a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic state, with increased levels of circulating C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6).21,22