Table 2 summarizes the representative results of the current combination of PDT with cancer vaccines. In a mouse model, one study examined the combination of PDT and TLR5 agonist flagellin-adjuvanted tumor-specific peptide vaccination (FlaB-Vax) for increased PD-1 blockade-mediated melanoma inhibition. Results show the combination therapy significantly increased tumor-infiltrating effector memory CD8+ T cells and systemic IFNγ secretion, improving the therapeutic benefits of PD-1-targeting checkpoint inhibitor therapy for malignant melanoma (93). This evidence concerns the gene TLR5 and melanoma.