TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: Preclinical studies have shown that after administration of high doses of TNF-α, lupus-susceptible mice delayed disease onset without preventing the onset of disease (70), while TNF-α in mice already suffering from lupus might have malignant consequences (71), suggesting that the effect of TNF-α on lupus may vary depending on the state and tissue of the disease (i.e., the former is the lupus susceptibility model and the latter is the experimental SLE).