The role of TNF in SLE is currently controversial, although TNF is involved in autoimmune responses in a variety of pathways, including immunomodulatory effects through the effects on proliferation, differentiation and cytokine secretion of B-cells, T cells, and dendritic cells, and the pro-inflammatory effects on the aggregation of neutrophils and activation of monocytes, and the stimulation of IFN expression (69). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.