MACEs: major adverse cardiovascular events; GLP-1 RA: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; CVD: cardiovascular disease; CVOTs: cardiovascular outcome trials; SGLT-2: sodium-glucose cotransporter-2; RCTs: randomized controlled trials; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; RR: relative risk; MI: myocardial infarction; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease​​​​​​​; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c. Here, GCG is linked to diabetes mellitus.