LCN2 and acute kidney injury: In several clinical settings, NGAL allows an early diagnosis of AKI, including perioperative AKI [12, 14], sepsis-associated AKI [15], contrast-induced AKI [16] and critical illness–associated AKI in ICU patients [17, 18], as well as AKI in patients in the emergency room [19–21] and AKI following kidney transplantation [22–25].